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2004 Sandoz On June 30, Novartis acquired 100% of the shares of the Danish generics company Durascan A S from AstraZeneca. Goodwill of USD 23 million has been recorded on this transaction. On August 13, Novartis completed the acquisition of 100% of the shares of Sabex Inc., a Canadian generic manufacturer with a leading position in generic injectables, for USD 565 million in cash. Goodwill of USD 314 million has been recorded on this transaction. Medical Nutrition On February 13, Novartis completed the acquisition of Mead Johnson & Company's global adult medical nutrition business for USD 385 million in cash. These activities are included in the consolidated financial statements from that date with USD 220 million of net sales and a USD 31 million operating loss was recorded in 2004. Goodwill of USD 183 million has been recorded on this transaction. 3. Principal currency translation rates Full year.
Saturday, 9: 00 a.m. - 11: 30 a.m. Conveners: THIERRY F. CALANDRA, MD. CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. WILLIAM J. BROUGHTON, PHD. Univ. of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Speakers: 9: 00 a.m. 9: 30 a.m. 644 645 Commensal Type-Three Secretion Systems. WILLIAM J. BROUGHTON, PHD. Univ. of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Sorting out Commensals and Pathogens in the GI Tract. JEAN-PIERRE KRAEHENBUHL, PHD. Swiss Inst. for Experimental Cancer Res., Epalinges, Switzerland. Room 147.
1. INTRODUCTION 143 ; In 1993 and 1994, AZ submitted applications to a number of national patent offices within the EEA in order to obtain so-called supplementary protection certificates SPCs ; . It did so on the basis of Council Regulation EEC ; No 1768 92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of a supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products "SPC Regulation" ; 198. Such certificates effectively extend the basic patent protection for the active substance in a pharmaceutical product. 144 ; The SPC-related competition issue in this case is whether AZ has made misleading representations to national patent offices so as a ; obtain SPCs for longer periods.
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73 bacterium were associated with both asthma and acute bronchitis. No significant association was found between the corresponding IgG antibodies and asthma. The lack of association between IgG antibodies to the same recombinant C. pneumoniae Hsp60 protein and asthma was also observed in another study in Finland von Hertzen et al., submitted ; . In addition, serum IgA antibodies to C. pneumoniae Hsp60 were inversely correlated with pulmonary function, as measured by FEV1, suggesting an association with the severity of pulmonary obstruction. The association of C. pneumoniae Hsp60 IgA antibodies with both asthma and the severity of pulmonary obstruction support the possibility that the Hsp60 protein may play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperreactivity and or pulmonary obstruction. Miyashita et al. 1996 ; have shown marked anti-Hsp60 seroreactivity in an exacerbation of culture-proven persistent C. pneumoniae lung infection and suggested that an allergic reaction to Hsp could produce pulmonary symptoms. Although the highly conserved nature of the Hsp proteins raises the possibility of molecular mimicry and generation of an autoimmune response as an additional factor in immunopathogenesis, no association was found between human Hsp60 antibodies and asthma. Nor was any correlation found between human and chlamydial Hsp60 IgG antibodies. Our results agree with the study of Henriksen et al. 2000 ; . Yet, there was a correlation between human and chlamydial Hsp60 IgA antibodies. This correlation may be related to a role of Hsp60 molecular mimicry in respiratory illnesses. It seems that IgG and IgA antibodies are formed against partly different antigenic epitopes, of which some are cross-reactive. Asthma is associated with predominant Th2 and relatively deficient Th1 phenotype. A similar Th2 Th1 profile has been demonstrated in persons with severe trachomatous scarring. In these patients, C. trachomatis Hsp60 increased the numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, producing interleukin-4 IL-4 ; , whereas C. trachomatis Hsp60 stimulated increased secretion of interferon-gamma INF- ; in controls Holland et al. 1996 ; . No comparable studies are available for C. pneumoniae-associated diseases. It is known, however, that chlamydial Hsp60 regulates macrophage tumour necrosis factoralpha TNF- ; and matrix metalloproteinase expression Kol et al. 1998 ; . An imbalance in metalloproteinase expression has also recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of airflow obstruction in asthma and chronic bronchitis Vignola et al. 1998 ; . It is possible that the Hsp60 responses simply represent a marker for exposure to chlamydial infection. On the other hand, there are two counter-arguments in favour of a role for Hsp60 protein in the pathogenesis. Firstly, despite the weak but significant correlation between IgA antibodies to C. pneumoniae antigens and to C. pneumoniae Hsp60, the results indicate that there is, nevertheless, an independent association between C. pneumoniae Hsp60 IgA antibodies and asthma, even after controlling for the effects of C. pneumoniae IgA antibodies. Another argument is the differential IgA antibody responses in controls with acute bronchitis. These findings support the need for further investigations on the role of C. pneumoniae Hsp60 in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this study, we also showed, for the first time, that low-grade systemic inflammation, demonstrated as a slightly elevated CRP level, was present in stable asthma, despite therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. Furthermore, the CRP levels were highest among the patients with moderate asthma. The asthma patients were more obese than the.
Differences in mortality among women to be as large as or even larger than in men. For a major cause of death such as cardiovascular disease there are already indications that this is the case.8 9 Denny Vger professor of medical sociology and capoten.
Newborn with Renomegaly. R. L. Chevalier, F. Campbell, A. l r man, A. 0. Brenbrldge; Univ. of Virginia School of Medicine, activity was accumulated in organs outside the peritoneum. IndIum-ill WBCScanIn LocalandSystemicFungalInfectIons.
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We found 2185 shared intron positions, eight P. yoelii-specific positions and 19 P. falciparum-specific positions in 3.5 Mb of conserved regions of 3479 ortholog pairs. We determined intron presence absence of these 27 introns in other apicomplexans by BLAST searches against available genomic sequence and predicted genes structures. In the most likely Plasmodium phylogeny Fig. 1A ; Qari et al. 1996; Perkins and Schall 2002 ; , the presence of 26 27 introns in P. gallinaceum indicates intron loss. If, instead, P. yoelii is the outgroup Fig. 1B ; Waters et al. 1991; Escalante and Ayala 1994, 1995; Escalante et al. 1995, 1997, 1998; McCutchan et al. 1996 ; , at least 19 are due to loss. In no case is there clear evidence of intron gain and levodopa.
Conclusions: There is significant excess daytime sleepiness and impairment of neuropsychological function and quality of life in a group of 112 subjects with mild obstructive sleep apnea compared to a group of control subjects. Research supported by National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 474 The Vestibular-in-line Pressure System VIPS A Comparative Home Trial with Nasal CPAP Khanna R, Kline LR Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa. Introduction: CPAP remains the treatment of choice for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome OSAS ; . Since the inception of this treatment, pressure has been applied primarily via the nose nCPAP ; . Despite improvements in mask interfaces, many patients dislike nCPAP for a myriad of reasons. Complaints include skin abrasions, air leaks, conjunctivitis, sinus congestion, rhinorrhea, claustrophobia, and limitation of sleeping position. Such negative experiences could contribute to the 40% of patients who ultimately abandon therapy within the first three months. We wondered if patients would prefer CPAP provided via the oral route, using a new interface, the VIPS Fisher-Paykel, "Oracle" ; . The VIPS might have some inherent advantages, with less annoying side effects. Accordingly, a home trial was designed to compare the VIPS to nCPAP. A276.
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WEPE0065 failureinresource-limitedsettings P. Mee1, K. Fielding1, S. Charalambous2, M. Eisenstein2, L. Pemba2, C. Innes2, G. Churchyard2, A. Grant1 1 United Kingdom, 2South Africa Nationalscaleupofantiretroviral therapyinMalawi E. Libamba, S. Makombe, A. Harries, E. Schouten, D. Lungu Malawi HIVpatients D. Dare, A. Nss, B. Lindtjrn Norway impactofclinicaland eligibilityinMTCT-Plus M. Rabkin, M. Katyal, R. Carter, J. Austin, J. Kim, P. Toro, W. El-Sadr, E. Abrams, D. Nash United States Viralsuppressionfollowingmodified inHIV-infectedCambodianchildren S. Sophan1, D. Pugatch2, H. Joseph I2, K. Luzuriaga2, M. Somasundaran2, Y.M. Chhour1, P. Polidy1 1 Cambodia, 2United States KnowledgeandattitudestowardsART ruralSouthAfricanyouth M. Lurie1, A. Harrison1, P. Kunene2, M. Kubeka2, N. Williams1 1 United States, 2South Africa Developmentandevaluationofa antiretroviraltreatmentrolloutin resourcepoorsettings S. Callens1, D. Westreich1, A. Van Rie1, F. Kitetele2, J. Lusiama2, P. Lelo2, T. Belhorn1, R. Colebunders3, F. Behets1 1 United States, 2Congo, the Democratic Republic of the, 3Belgium RiskofCNS-compartmentfailureonPI monotherapy ATARITMO-study ; P. Vernazza, S. Daneel, V. Schiffer, L. Decosterd, T. Klimkait, B. Hirschel, and the Swiss HIV Cohort study Switzerland Clinicalandimmunologicallong-term outcomesonadultsafter3yearsofART in"MdecinsSansFrontires MSF ; " programmes: amulticentricanalysis D. Sauvageot, L. Ferradini, Mdecins Sans Frontires - AIDS Working Group France WEPE0075 upofantiretroviraltreatmentinthe WesternCapeprovinceofSouthAfrica F. Abdullah1, P. Bock2, M. Osler2, A. Boulle2 1 United Kingdom, 2South Africa ARTinBurkinaFasoandMalidevelop the67-70pathway M. Sylla1, P. Niamba2, S. Dakour2, A. Traor2, C. Boileau1, A. Chamberlan1, N. Machouf1, S. Rashed1, V.-K. Nguyen1, C. Tremblay1, Pro-ARV Group 1 Canada, 2Burkina Faso Nationaltrainingandaccreditation forantiretroviraltherapyscaleupin Malawi S. Makombe, E. Libamba, A. Harries, S. Phiri, R. Weigel, J. van Oosterhout, E. Zijlstra, E. Schouten, D. Lungu Malawi adolescentsinsub-SaharanAfrica H. Kisembo1, S. Bakeera-Kitaka1, L. Zollinger2, C. Snider2, A. Kekitiinwa1, A. Maganda1, C. Foster2, M. McKellar2 1 Uganda, 2United States BarrierstorapidinitiationofARTina cohortofHIVpositiveUgandanadults withCD4countslessthan200 R. Parkes1, I. Namakoola2, J. Todd2, I. Kalanzi2, M. O hIarlaithe2, N.K. Mugisha2, H. Grosskurth2, D. Lalloo1, A. Kamali2 1 United Kingdom, 2Uganda scaleupinMalawi: 2006-200 A. Harries, S. Makombe, E. Libamba, E. Schouten, D. Lungu Malawi womenwithhighCD4countsinMalawi: theBANstudy B. Bramson1, C. Chasela2, C. Chavula2, N. Numba2, M. Majawa2, M. Hosseinipour1, Y. Ahmed1, A. Kourtis1, R. Knight1, R. Jafali1, G. Tegha2, G. Joaki2, H.-C. Tien1, L. Hyde2, P. Kazembe2, D. Jamieson1, C. van der Horst1, the BAN Study 1 United States, 2Malawi SouthAfrica C. Orrell1, G. Harling1, R. Kaplan1, M. McNally1, S. Lawn2, L.-G. Bekker1, R. Wood1 1 South Africa, 2United Kingdom IsALTcontrolreallynecessaryfor settings? P. Di Mattei, Mozambique Team - Mdecins Sans Frontires Mozambique.
More than a year after starting their own newspaper to pressure their employer, Sterling Newspapers, Castlegar's striking reporters are still publishing the town's only newspaper. "We'll keep the paper going for as long as it takes, " said Rob Monroe, a representative for the Communications, Energy & Paperworkers union. "We don't see any reason not to continue." The workers have been on strike from the Castlegar Sun since Nov. 4, 1999, when negotiations broke down over a 10-cent-per-hour increase in wages. On Jan. 31, 2000, the workers announced that they were going to start publishing their own newspaper, the Castlegar Citizen, to pressure their employer back to the negotiating table and cilostazol.
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Medications in both Japan and the USA have been compared. 1 ; There are a lot of trade names of anti-asthma medications in Japan, while generics are commonly used in the USA. It appears to be further investigated from the point of view of the pharmacoeconomics in Japan. 2 ; Dosage of inhaled corticosteroids in the USA was higher than that in Japan. 3 ; The use of histamine antagonists is only prescribed in Japan for asthmatic patients. 2. The drug database prepared from community pharmacy prescription records in Japan provides information of the trend and utilization of anti-asthma medications 1 ; The average number of combined medications with BDP and FP is 5.1 and 5.5, respectively, and these are over the average number 3.7 ; of medications per one prescription. 2 ; It was clarified that H1-histamine receptor antagonists av. 16% ; , expectorants av. 46% ; , antibacterial agents av. 22% ; and benzodiazepines av. 11% ; were used in combination with inhaler BDP or inhaler FP. Polypharmacy needs further to be discussed and clarinex.
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M. Anim-Somuah1, C. Kalumbi1, M. Bates1, G. Vince2, R. Farquharson3, S. Quenby4 1 Liverpool Women's Hospital, University Department, Liverpool England, UK; 2University of Liverpool, School of Laboratory Clinical Sciences, Liverpool England, UK; 3Liverpool Women's Hospital, Miscarriage Clinic, Liverpool England, UK; 4Liverpool Women's Hospital, Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, Liverpool England, UK Introduction: Integrins are a family of cell adhesion molecules and proposed markers of endometrial receptivity. a1b1, a4b1 and avb3 are coexpressed in the endometrium during the implantation window and believed to play a vital role in embryo implantation. Aberrant integrin expression has been reported in infertility, endometriosis and tubal disease. The aim of the study was to assess whether integrin expression is impaired in idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. Materials and methods: Ethics approval was obtained for the study and eligible women were counselled and recruited from the miscarriage clinic and the gynaecology clinic. Women were divided into the following groups: Twenty women suffering idiopathic recurrent loss of empty gestation sac three or more consecutive pregnancy losses where ultrasound has shown an intrauterine gestation sac but no fetal pole or fetal heart activity is demonstrated and no cause found ; . ii ; Twenty women suffering idiopathic recurrent fetal loss pregnancy loss after identification of cardiac activity on ultrasound scan ; . iii ; Twelve women suffering idiopathic recurrent implantation failure primary unexplained infertility and three or more IVF cycles with no pregnancies ; . iv ; Fifteen fertile controls two or more normal pregnancies, no miscarriages, attending for sterilization ; . Women were included in the study if a mid-luteal phase endometrial biopsy dated using Noyes criteria ; fell within the implantation window. i and clindamycin.
29. Hocevar, B.A., Brown, T.L., and Howe, P.H. 1999. TGF- induces fibronectin synthesis through a c-Jun N-termial kinase-dependent, Smad4-independent pathway. EMBO J. 18: 13451356. 30. Johansson, N., et al. 2000. Expression of collagenase3 MMP-13 ; and collagenase-1 MMP-1 ; by transformed keratinocytes is dependent on the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Cell Sci. 113: 227235. 31. Engel, M.E., McDonnell, M.A., Law, B.K., and Moses, H.L. 1999. Interdependent SMAD and JNK signaling in TGF- mediated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 3741337420. 32. Kim, J.-T., and Joo, C.-K. 2002. Involvement of cellcell interactions in the rapid stimulation of Cas tyrosine phosphorylation and Src kinase activity by transforming growth factor-1. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 3193831948. 33. Nicholson, A.G., et al. 2002. The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166: 173177. 34. Kadlec, L., and Pendergast, A.M. 1997. The amphiphysin-like protein 1 ALP1 ; interacts functionally with the cABL tyrosine kinase and may play a role in cytoskeletal regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94: 1239012395. 35. Escalante, M., et al. 2000. Phosphorylation of c-Crk II on the negative regulatory Tyr222 mediates nerve growth factor-induced cell spreading and morphogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 2478724797. 36. Evans, R.A., Tian, Y.C., Steadman, R., and Phillips, A.O. 2003. TGF-beta1-mediated fibroblast-myofibroblast terminal differentiation: the role of smad proteins. Exp. Cell Res. 282: 90100. 37. Hu, B., Wu, Z., and Phan, S.H. 2003. Smad3 mediates TGF-beta-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 29: 397404. 38. Butt, R.P., Laurent, G.J., and Bishop, J.E. 1995. Collagen production and replication by cardiac fibroblasts is enhanced in response to diverse classes of growth factors. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 68: 330335. 39. Bissell, D.M. 2001. Chronic liver injury, TGF-beta, and cancer. Exp. Mol. Med. 33: 179190. 40. Raines, E.W., Koyama, H., and Carragher, N.O. 2000. The extracellular matrix dynamically regulates smooth muscle cell responsiveness to PDGF. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 902: 3951. 41. Pardo, A., and Selman, M. 2002. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: new insights in its pathogenesis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 34: 15341538. 42. Adamson, I.Y., and Bowden, D.J. 1974. The pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 77: 185197. 43. Cutroneo, K.R., and Sterling, K.M., Jr. 1986. A molecular basis for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 89 3 Suppl. ; : 121S122S. 44. Tran, P.L., et al. 1997. Prevention of bleomycininduced pulmonary fibrosis after adenovirus-mediated transfer of the bacterial bleomycin resistance gene. J. Clin. Invest. 99: 608617. 45. Moseley, P.L., Hemken, C., and Hunninghake, G.W. 1986. Augmentation of fibroblast proliferation by bleomycin. J. Clin. Invest. 78: 11501154. 46. Rice, A.B., Moomaw, C.R., Morgan, D.L., and Bonner, J.C. 1999. Specific inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor or epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase reduce pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Am. J. Pathol. 155: 213221. 47. Sime, P.J., Xing, Z., Graham, F.L., Csaky, K.G., and Gauldie, J. 1997. Adenovector-mediated gene transfer of active transforming growth factor-beta1 induces prolonged severe fibrosis in rat lung. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 768776. 48. Munger, J.S., et al. 1999. The integrin v6 binds and activates latent TGF1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell. 96: 319328. 49. Koleske, A.J., et al. 1998. Essential roles for the Abl and Arg tyrosine kinases in neurulation. Neuron. 21: 12591272. 50. Wilkes, M.C., Murphy, S.J., Garamszegi, N., and Leof, E.B. 2003. Cell-type-specific activation of PAK2 by transforming growth factor independent of Smad2 and Smad3. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 88788889. 51. Penheiter, S.G., et al. 2002. Internalization-dependent and -independent requirements for transforming growth factor receptor signaling via the Smad pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 47504759. 52. Christensen, P.J., Goodman, R.E., Pastoriza, L., Moore, B., and Toews, G.B. 1999. Induction of lung fibrosis in the mouse by intratracheal instillation of fluorescein isothiocyanate is not T-cell-dependent. Am. J. Pathol. 155: 17731779.
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1 Statins for prevention of cardiovascular events. NICE Technology Appraisal 94. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: January 2006 2 S Perreault et al. Persistence and determinants of statin therapy among middle-aged patients for primary and secondary prevention. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2005 59: 564-573 Howell N, et al. Compliance with statins in primary care. The Pharmaceutical Journal 2004 3 10 January 272: 23-26 and clotrimazole.
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Primary Funding Source: AHRQ Organizational Culture and Hospital Performance in VHA David Mohr, Ph.D., Mark Meterko, Ph.D., Gary Young, Ph.D., Martin Charns, D.B.A. Presented by: David Mohr, Ph.D., Project Manager, Management Decision and Research Center, VA Boston Health Care System, 150 South Huntington Ave 152M ; , Boston, MA 02130, US; Tel: 617 ; 232-9500 x 5679; Fax: 617 ; 232-6140; Email: david.mohr2 med.va.gov Research Objective: As part of its transformation, VA has sought to move away from a bureaucratic culture to one that emphasizes entrepreneurship and teamwork. To date, no empirical studies have examined whether such a culture is associated with better performance at VA hospitals. This study capitalizes on a highly unique system-wide database that includes measures of culture and performance for VA hospitals. Based on a conceptual model drawn from management and organizational theory, we hypothesized that hospitals with greater emphasis on entrepreneurial and teamwork culture would perform better on patient satisfaction. Study Design: To measure culture, we conducted our own nationwide survey of all VA hospitals. Data for the analysis was derived from the national VA databases on patient satisfaction. The survey questionnaire included a culture scale that has demonstrated reliability and validity for healthcare settings and was designed to measure an organization's relative emphasis on each of four cultural attributes: entrepreneurship, teamwork, bureaucratic and rational. Employee-level responses to the national survey and patient satisfaction measures were aggregated for hospital-level scores. Multivariate analyses were used to test the direct and indirect relationships among the culture and patient satisfaction measures. Control variables in the analysis included: hospital size, teaching status, urban status, and geographical region. Population Studied: The unit of analysis was the VA hospital. At each facility, 125 employees were randomly sampled for a national survey on organizational culture. A total of 8, 454 employees responded 52% ; . We also examined inpatient and outpatient satisfaction ratings that were compiled from a national database. Principal Findings: Bureaucratic culture was allocated the most points 44 out of 100 ; of all four culture dimensions. The remaining culture dimensions were rated as follows: teamwork 19 out of 100 ; , entrepreneurial 13 out of 100 ; and rational 24 out of 100 ; . Higher scores for teamwork culture were significantly associated with better inpatient satisfaction scores Beta .29 ; while a higher bureaucratic culture score was significantly associated with lower inpatient satisfaction scores Beta -.24 ; . The top 25 percent highest scoring facilities on teamwork culture had significantly better inpatient satisfaction scores than either the middle 50 percent group or the bottom 25 percent group. Hospital size was negatively related to inpatient satisfaction across all four culture types Beta -.27 to -.31 ; . Northeastern region hospitals related positively to outpatient satisfaction Beta .22 to .24 ; and western region.
Unteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 58: 515520, 2002.
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The macronutrients - carbohydrate, fat, protein and alcohol - are the main sources of energy in the diet and the micronutrients, vitamins and minerals are also required for optimal metabolic function. These requirements are dependent on many factors including age, sex, physical activity and health status see section 2.1.2. ; . General information on the function and sources of macro and and capoten.
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